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Inside the Menin Gate Memorial, Ypres.

Surface buildings, frame, railway sidings etc.

The first part of the manuscript dates from the mid 14th century and contains an early fragment of the text of Dares Phrygius in Welsh by the scribe known as the 'Anchorite'.
The second and third parts date from the early to mid 15th century and include vaticinatory prose, other texts such as The Life of Anna, and some triads.

‘Pum Llyfr Kerddwriaeth’ (pp. 1-151), followed by William Salesbury’s treatise on rhetoric (pp. 151-88). Copied ‘allan o lyfr Simwnt Vachan’ in 1593 for Dafydd Salbri [David Salusbury of Llanrhaeadr-yng-Nghinmeirch and Dolbadarn] by Richard ap John (colophon on p. 140). The source was Jesus College Oxford MS 15 [Gramadegau’r Penceirddiaid, eds G.J. Williams and E.J. Jones (Caerdydd, 1934), pp. liv-lv] but the intermediary was Peniarth MS 159, copied by Richard ap John himself in 1578 [see Llên Cymru, 2 (1952-3), 71-81]. On p. 189 is ‘Dewis bethau Davydd Melienydd’. Englynion by Siôn Phylip are added by a hand of [16-17 cent.] on p. 190. The contents were copied in [17 cent., first ½] in NLW MS 13065.

A composite manuscripts, with all parts joined in the time of Robert Vaughan.
(i) pp. 1-92: Wholly in the hand of Robert (ab) Ifan of Brynsiencyn, written in 1587 (pp. 30, 57, 69, 72, 89). On the manuscript and its texts, all of them containing original features, see Gramadegau’r Penceirddiaid, eds G.J. Williams and E.J. Jones (Caerdydd, 1934), pp. xvi and l. Contains: a cywydd marwnad for Wiliam Tomas of Caernarfon dated 1586 by Robert ab Ifan (pp. 1-3); a diagram of y tawlbwrdd with instructions in Welsh on how to play [see H.J.R. Murray, A History of Board-games Other than Chess (Oxford, 1952), p.63] (p.4); ‘Llyfr Kerddwriaeth’ [part printed in Gramadegau’r Penceirddiaid, pp. 185-9, 192-3] (pp. 5-43); ‘Bellach i dylid son am ddwned yr hwn a elwir wyth ran ymadrodd’, ‘a dynwyd allan o lyfr dwned a sgrifenasai Sion Brunog [sic] iddo i hun prydydd a ffenkerdd ag athro’ (pp. 43-57); ‘y parfila nid amgen grameriaith pa sawl kydgordiad y sydd mewn ymadrodd’ [cited for readings in Gramadegau’r Penceirddiaid, pp. 67-88] (pp. 57-69), closing on pp. 69-72 with a brief history of the bardic order and a lament for the decay of patronage of the bards [printed in Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies, 24 (1970-2), 42-4]. The remaining texts are: ‘Bellach mi a soniaf am gerdded yn hen dadau ni ... ’, an account of the British kings (pp. 72-8); Statud Gruffudd ap Cynan (pp. 81-9); personal notes by Robert ab Ifan on himself and his ancestors (pp. 89–91).
(ii) pp. 93-6: Two leaves with astrological notes in a hand of [16-17 cent.].
(iii) pp. 97-120: Transcripts of Crown documents relating to Basingwerk abbey, from the grant to Hugh Starky in 1537 by the Court of Augmentations up to 1549. In a hand of [16-17 cent.].
(iv) pp. 121-216: A miscellany written by John Jones of Gellilyfdy in his youth, not later than 1600: what appears to be school work, including an English translation of Accusationes in Caium Verrem liber quartus (pp. 121-2, 160-73), arithmetical problems, recipes of many sorts (gilding with foil, fireworks, medical, etc.), and instructions for card games, all in English (pp. 156-7, 170-205, 213-16); the five carolau of Richard Gwyn (‘Richard White ferthyrur’) [see Carolau Richard White, ed. T.H. Parry-Williams (Caerdydd, 1931)] (pp. 123-56); an anonymous religious carol [printed in Canu Rhydd Cynnar, ed. T.H. Parry-Williams (Caerdydd, 1932), no. 87] (pp. 205-8); and the cywydd on the murder of the Prince of Orange [Carolau Richard White, p. 58] (pp. 209-11). John Jones’s signature is on p. 184; on p. 216 he writes ‘Thus endeth this booke ... 24 February [1599/1600].’
(v) pp. 217-40: ‘Rhai or Gwehelaethau’: early pedigrees for all parts of Wales, derived from Cwrtmawr MS 530 [see Ben Guy, Medieval Welsh Genealogy: An Introduction and Textual Study (Martlesham, 2020), p. 194]. In the youthful hand of John Jones, experimenting with both secretary and, for display, italic script. The hand would be unrecognizable as his were it not for two lines of heading on p. 217.

Bardic grammar, beginning ‘Llyma ddosbarth Edern dafod aur’ (pp. 5-131). On its texts, very close to those of Wiliam Cynwal in Cardiff MS 1.16, see Gramadegau’r Penceirddiaid, eds G.J. Williams and E.J. Jones (Caerdydd, 1934), p. liii and pp. 183-4. All in the formal secretary hand of David Powel with display in fere-textura; a few notes (e.g. pp. 52, 92, 107) are in his characteristic italic.

A composite manuscript, comprising:
(i) pp. 1-95. A copy in the hand of David Ellis [died 1795] of the double text of the Gododdin derived from Evan Evans (Ieuan Fardd), written [1783 x 1791] [on the derivation and date, see Brynley F. Roberts (ed.), Early Welsh Poetry: Studies in the Book of Aneirin (Aberystwyth, 1988), p. 52].
(ii) pp. 105-80. Welsh vocabularies, etymological notes, Welsh names of fish and birds, etc., derived from the collections of Evan Evans in NLW MS 1988B, in the hand of Griffith Roberts, written not before 1788 (p. 163). Pages 175-180 are blank.

A collection of the work of Guto’r Glyn, followed on pp. 234-321 by other cywyddau of [15 cent.], all in the hand of Robert Vaughan, writing [mid-17cent., not before 1654]. The beginning of the manuscript was already wanting when it was paginated in [18 cent.]; its end is also wanting. Vaughan added a few variant readings (e.g. pp. 9-11). One watermark appears to be Heawood 3627 [not before 1654].

‘Brith-waith ... William Morris 1638’ (f. viii, title-page), a collection of cywyddau and englynion, of [14-17 cent.], in the early hand of William Maurice (also signed and dated on f. 32). On ff. 56 verso–57 he experiments with italic script. His contents list is on f. viii verso. A few variant readings and notes are added in his later hand.

A miscellany of medical lore and recipes, etc., in the hand of James Jenkins, a surgeon, of the Ruabon area: Hanes Owain Farchog [Purgatorium S. Patricii, see Studia Celtica, 8/9 (1973-4), 121-94, esp. 134] (pp. 1-27, beginning wanting); Breuddwyd Pawl (pp. 27-42, end wanting); ‘Pwy a fu farw ac ni aned irioed’ and similar questions [Studia Celtica, 30 (1996), 197-222, esp. 213-14] (p. 43); englynion, etc. (pp. 45-6); a list from memory of patients (from Ruabon, yr Hob, Chirk, Oswestry, etc.), suffering from either broken bones or wounds, who had been treated by James Jenkins (pp. 49-53); ‘Pasol asgwrn sydd ynghorff gwr a gwraig ... hyny o esgyrn o gymal i gymal a ffheindies if James Jenkins yny Sersant Haol yn Llunden ...’ (pp. 55-61); other medical lore and recipes, in Welsh (pp. 62-3, 65-75, 77-87, 89-105). A memorandum on p. 89, written by the scribe in the shaky script of old age, is dated 1608.

A transcript in the formal hand of Robert Vaughan of the Latin text of Welsh law in Oxford, Bodleian Library, Rawlinson MS C. 821 [‘Latin Redaction D’ in H.D. Emanuel, The Latin Texts of the Welsh Laws (Cardiff, 1967); on this manuscript, see pp. 297-8], which was probably at that time in the possession of John Selden. Folios 1-10 of Vaughan’s foliation are wanting; there is damage throughout due to over-acid ink and damp.

A composite manuscript probably made up from unbound fragments, on different paper stocks. Comprising:
(i) pp. 1-2: A leaf containing on p. 1 a grammar in the hand of Siôn Cain.
(ii) pp. 3-56: A compilation on bardic grammar, evidently a personal draft, in the hand of Rhys Cain, largely corresponding to the grammars of Gutun Owain and Simwnt Fychan [Gramadegau’r Penceirddiaid, eds G.J. Williams and E.J. Jones (Caerdydd, 1934), p. lvi]; the section ‘Y beiau gwaharddedig’ (pp. 33-40) is printed from here in Gramadegau’r Penceirddiaid, pp. 194-6.
(iii) pp. 57-84: All in the later hand of John Davies of Mallwyd [not before 1617, since there are references to his collection of Lewys Glyn Cothi, London, British Library, Additional MS 14871]. Includes: quotations from the Cywyddwyr, classified to exemplify beiau and questionable cases (‘edrych y rhain’) (pp. 57-68); quotations from the Cywyddwyr exemplifying words, alphabetically arranged (pp. 69-77); further quotations (pp. 80-1); notes, with folio references, to his collections of poetry (p. 84). All leaves of this part have suffered damage by rodents.

A collection of south Wales pedigrees in the hand of Wiliam Llŷn, written with greater care, and earlier perhaps, than most of his surviving genealogical manuscripts, with use of red and green. Up to p. 178 he is assisted by two other hands: Huws’ X130, making frequent short stints, often completing pedigrees begun by Wiliam Llŷn (e.g. pp. 15-17, 19, 24-7, 28, 30-5), and Huw Llŷn (pp. 162-3, 169-71, 176, 178). Another hand appears on p. 173 and another on p.177. From p.179 there is one assisting hand, Huws’ X131 (e.g. pp. 223-5, 240-1, 243-4). On pp. 372-7, ‘Gohelyth Glyn Nedd’, etc., signed ‘R T’, 1573, is added in the excellent hand of Richard Thomas of Ynysarwed. The latter part of the manuscript is written in Wiliam Llŷn’s increasingly untidy hand; use of red ceases after p. 318. Written not before 1561 (p. 212). On p. 8 in his later hand is ‘Henwau y pedair kamp ar ugain’. Pages 358-67 are in the early hand of Rhys Cain; there are additions in his mature hand on pp. 121, 224 and 324. On p. 1 is Robert Vaughan’s title: ‘Llyffr o Iachau Deheubarth o law Wiliam Llyn’ and on f. iv, ‘D. W. ll. llyfr Wm. Llyn am ddeheubarth’. On this compilation, see P.C. Bartrum, ‘Notes on the Welsh genealogical manuscripts’, Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, 1976, 112.

A composite manuscript. Mainly an informal collection of pedigrees, narrative and tabular, of both north and south Wales, in the hands of Gruffudd Hiraethog (pp. 1-7, 9-16, 18-22, 71-87, 153-260, etc.) and Wiliam Llŷn (e.g. pp. 26-48, 61-70, 91-152). Gruffudd was writing between 1562 (pp. 2, 20, 418) and 1564 (pp. 22, 201). On the manuscripts cited by him, see P.C. Bartrum, ‘Genealogical sources quoted by Gruffudd Hiraethog’, National Library of Wales Journal, 26 (1989-90), 1-9. Wiliam Llŷn left a few dates, e.g. 1564 (p. 95) and 1567 (p. 32). Gruffudd records many coats of arms in houses, churches, etc. (pp. 9-16, 153-260, 299-301). On pp. 531-6 he copied ‘Geirie gan Taliessin ai gyngor ai gyssul’ from ‘llyfr Ieuan ap Jhon ap Mred or Glyn’, together with triads [pp. 129-30 of Peniarth MS 137 apparently belong here]. On pp. 427-82, in the hand of Wiliam Llŷn, is an armorial in Welsh, the arms in trick, referred to on p. 479 as ‘Llyfr arfau o waith Wiliam Llyn’ [see M.P. Siddons, The Development of Welsh Heraldry, 4 vols (Aberystwyth, 1991-2006), I, pp. 44–6]. Other contemporary hands contributed: A, Huws’ X131 (pp. 49-56); B (pp. 59-60); C, Huws’ X180 (pp. 294-5); D, Huw Llŷn, south Wales pedigrees (pp. 333-62); E (pp. 363-77); F, Welsh arms (pp. 397-408); G (pp. 423-6); H, a copy of extents, in Welsh, of lands of the earl of Arundel, 26 Edward III (pp. 483-503); I, Huws’ X129, pedigrees of Maelor Gymraeg (pp. 507-30). On pp. 391-2 is a copy by Gruffudd Hiraethog of a letter from Thomas Read of Green Castle, Carm.

An informal collection of pedigrees in both narrative and tabular form in the variable hand of Gruffudd Hiraethog. Compiled between 1550 (pp. 216, 303) and 1558 (pp. 151, 379, 447, 453) with later additions. Apart from pp. 405-19, the pedigrees are almost all north Welsh. On p. 2, in the hand of Robert Vaughan, ‘Y llyvr mawr y mae Gr Hiraethog yn galw hwnn’ [of which Peniarth MS 133 also formed a part, see P.C. Bartrum, ‘Notes on the Welsh genealogical manuscripts’, Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, 1976, 106]. For Gruffudd’s named sources, see P.C. Bartrum, ‘Genealogical sources quoted by Gruffudd Hiraethog’, National Library of Wales Journal, 26 (1989-90), 1-9.
On pp. 99-106 and 305-8 are short Welsh armorials in blazon in Welsh, the former, of south Wales bias, drawn in part from ‘llyfr Lewys y Glyn’ [Lewys Glyn Cothi] (pp. 100, 107). On pp. 3-38 is an index in the hand of Wiliam Llŷn, whose foliation 1-248, with irregularities, is on pp. 41-463. Traces of several disrupted earlier foliations survive. Collaborating hands are Simwnt Fychan (pp. 45-6, 49-53, 79, 91, 393-5, and on p. 382 an autograph englyn, and on p. 426 his signature and a calligraphic alphabet), Huws’ X179 (pp. 157-66, 169-70, 171, 327) and Richard Longford (p. 345). There appear to be five collaborating hands, some of them resembling that of Gruffudd Hiraethog: A (fols 107-15); B (p. 167); C (pp. 381-2, once a folded sheet, containing annals and englynion); D (pp. 383-91 and 429-30, the latter leaf is displaced, containing text which came, as Robert Vaughan notes on p. 383, ‘allan or llyfr gwyn o Hergest’ [printed in National Library of Wales Journal, 17 (1971-2), 238-48]); E (pp. 457-62). E, under the heading ‘Swyddinbych Kwmwd Issaled’, transcribes the pedigree of ‘Mayster Robert ap Res ap Meredyth’ [died 1534, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, s.n. Ellis Price], citing ‘iache … o waith Tudyr [A]led a Robertt Iachwr [Robert ab Ieuan ap Hywel]’; the damaged colophon on p. 462 (probably copied with the text) names the scribe ‘[ ... ]s ap Robert ysgolhaic’ and mentions his wish that the book be preserved at ‘blas Mayster Doctor [ ... ]’.

Pedigrees, mainly south Welsh or of Welsh historic figures, in the hand of Thomas Gruffydd, with a few short prose texts, also in his hand, including 'Enwau y milwyr' (p. 38), 'Marchogion y vort gron' [see National Library of Wales Journal, 14 (1965-6), 242-5] (p. 39) and 'Arfau y kwnkwerwyr a vyant ymorganwc' [the earliest known text, printed from here in M.P. Siddons, The Development of Welsh Heraldry, 4 vols. (Aberystwyth, 1991-2006), I, pp. 376-9] (p. 46).

On pp. 1-13 the arms, painted, of John Williams and of offices held by him (excluding the archbishopric of York), with accompanying Latin verse, in calligraphic script, by 'Mercurius Pattenus' (p. 13). Added on p. 14 is the achievement, in trick, of Ystumcolwyn, [17-18 cent.]. On p. 16 are notes on the John Williams scholarships at St John’s College [Cambridge], cf. a note dated 1709 on f. ii.

An armorial of Welsh arms, 329 coats, painted, nine to the page, some shields left blank, with text in good italic, written in 1585 (f. 9). There are additional notes by several hands of [17 cent., first ½], including Peter Ellis, each note signed (ff. 15 recto-verso, 18, 19) and Robert Vaughan (f. 29); on f. 12 verso is a note citing 'R.D. of Gwissanye' [Robert Davies II]. From f. 24 are arms, some of them painted, added by other hands of [17 cent.]. On ff. 39-42 verso is an index by the original hand covering his entries up to f. 21 (including those for the wanting ff. 1-5).

Six Mongolian Princes posing for the camera.

Five men possibly engaged in a discussion about a horse. One of the men is holding a rope attached to the horses neck.